Complete blood count with leukocyte formula (CBC+Diff)
A complete blood count reflects the state of the hematopoietic system. Assesses the concentration of hemoglobin, the number and ratio of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. The white blood cell count shows the ratio of different types of white blood cells and helps to identify bacterial, viral or autoimmune processes. The analysis allows us to suspect anemia, inflammation, immune reactions and blood clotting disorders.
Normal values for men:
Hemoglobin: 130–170 g/l
Erythrocytes: 4.3–5.7 × 10¹²/l
Leukocytes: 4–9 × 10⁹/l
Platelets: 150-400 × 10⁹/l
Normal values for women:
Hemoglobin: 120–150 g/l
Erythrocytes: 3.8–5.1 × 10¹²/l
Leukocytes: 4–9 × 10⁹/l
Platelets: 150–400 × 10⁹/l
Reasons for increased values: infections, inflammation, dehydration, erythrocytosis, thrombocytosis, leukemoid reactions, stress, blood loss in the acute phase
Reasons for decreased values: iron deficiency and B12 deficiency anemia, bone marrow hypoplasia, chronic diseases, immunodeficiencies, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
ESR shows how quickly red blood cells settle in a test tube. An increased sedimentation rate indicates the presence of an inflammatory or tumor process in the body. ESR is not a specific indicator, but is widely used as an additional marker when chronic or acute pathologies are suspected.
Normal values for men:up to 15 mm/hour
Normal values for women: up to 20 mm/hour
Reasons for increased values: infections, systemic inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis), malignant tumors, anemia, pregnancy
Reasons for decreased values: polycythemia, blood thickening, changes in the shape of red blood cells (sickle cell anemia), a marked increase in white blood cells
Fasting Glucose
The indicator reflects the level of glucose in the blood after 8–12 hours without food. It is used to assess the state of carbohydrate metabolism, diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, prediabetes, insulin resistance and other endocrine disorders. Glucose levels are important for energy balance and the functioning of all organs.
Normal range: 3.9–5.5 mmol/l
Reasons for increased values: diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance syndrome, acute stress, pheochromocytoma, hyperthyroidism, glucocorticoid use
Reasons for decreased values: insulinoma, hyperinsulinism, overdose of insulin or hypoglycemic drugs, prolonged fasting, adrenal insufficiency
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)
HbA1c is formed when glucose combines with hemoglobin. The indicator reflects the average blood glucose level over the past 2-3 months. It is used to diagnose diabetes and assess the effectiveness of therapy. It does not depend on short-term fluctuations in sugar.
Normal range: up to 5.7%
Reasons for increased values: diabetes mellitus, chronic hyperglycemia, poor glucose control, insulin resistance
Reasons for decreased values: chronic blood loss, hemolytic anemia, bone marrow disease, frequent hypoglycemia
Cholesterol, total
The indicator reflects the total concentration of cholesterol of all fractions. Cholesterol is involved in the synthesis of hormones, vitamin D, and is part of cell membranes. It is used to assess the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases.
Normal range:3.6–5.2 mmol/l
Reasons for increased values:lipid metabolism disorder, hypothyroidism, liver disease, hereditary hyperlipidemia, excess animal fats in the diet
Reasons for decreased values: hyperthyroidism, nutritional deficiencies, malabsorption syndrome, chronic infections, statin use
HDL-cholesterol (HDL – High-Density Lipoprotein)
HDL is involved in the removal of excess cholesterol from the vascular wall and its transport to the liver. It has antiatherogenic properties and protects blood vessels from plaque formation. HDL levels are an important factor in assessing the risk of heart attack and stroke.
Normal values for men: from 1.0 mmol/l
Normal values for women: from 1.2 mmol/l
Reasons for increased values: regular exercise, estrogen intake, moderate consumption of plant fats
Reasons for decreased values: smoking, obesity, diabetes, sedentary lifestyle, metabolic dysfunction syndrome
Triglycerides (TRIG)
The main form of fat circulating in the blood. They are a source of energy and participate in metabolism. Increased triglyceride levels are associated with metabolic disorders and an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Normal values for men:up to 2.2 mmol/l
Normal values for women: up to 1.9 mmol/l
Reasons for increased values: overeating, insulin resistance, diabetes, alcohol, hypothyroidism, glucocorticoid intake
Reasons for decreased values: hyperthyroidism, chronic starvation, lack of fat in the diet, malabsorption syndrome
LDL-cholesterol (LDL – Low-Density Lipoprotein)
LDL carries cholesterol from the liver to cells. Excess of this fraction contributes to the deposition of cholesterol in the walls of arteries and increases the risk of atherosclerosis. The main indicator in assessing the lipid profile and vascular risks.
Normal range: <3.0 mmol/l
Reasons for increased values: hyperlipidemia, lack of physical activity, diabetes, hypothyroidism, poor nutrition
Reasons for decreased values: taking statins, thyrotoxicosis, lipid synthesis disorders
Uric Acid
Uric acid is formed during the breakdown of purine bases and is excreted through the kidneys. Is a marker of purine metabolism and renal function. Elevated levels can lead to the deposition of crystals in tissues and joints.
Normal values for men: 210–420 µmol/l
Normal values for women: 150–350 µmol/l
Reasons for increased values: gout, chronic renal failure, excessive consumption of meat and alcohol, leukemia, taking diuretics
Reasons for decreased values: taking allopurinol, liver hypofunction, Fanconi syndrome, vegetarianism
Urea (BUN)
The end product of protein metabolism, which is formed in the liver and excreted by the kidneys. Reflects kidney function, the degree of protein metabolism and the level of hydration of the body.
Normal values for men: 3.3–8.3 mmol/l
Normal values for women: 2.5–7.1 mmol/l
Reasons for increased values: dehydration, acute and chronic renal failure, high protein intake, gastrointestinal bleeding
Reasons for decreased values:liver cirrhosis, low-protein diet, pregnancy, severe infections
Creatinine
Creatinine is a breakdown product of muscle protein. It is excreted by the kidneys and is used to assess glomerular filtration. A stable creatinine level makes it a reliable marker of kidney function.
Normal values for men:62–115 µmol/l
Normal values for women: 53–97 µmol/l
Reasons for increased values: renal failure, massive muscle injuries, taking nephrotoxic drugs, hypothyroidism
Reasons for decreased values:decreased muscle mass, starvation, pregnancy, hyperthyroidism
Amylase (AMY)
An enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates, produced by the pancreas and salivary glands. An increase is associated with damage to the pancreas or a violation of the outflow of enzymes.
Normal range: 28–100 U/l
Reasons for increased values:acute pancreatitis, biliary obstruction, pancreatic cyst, alcoholism
Reasons for decreased values: severe pancreatic insufficiency, cystic fibrosis, hepatitis, severe damage to the pancreas
Sodium (Na)
The main extracellular electrolyte. Responsible for the regulation of water balance, blood pressure, acid-base balance and the transmission of nerve impulses. Its concentration reflects the general state of hydration and the function of the kidneys, adrenal glands, and central nervous system.
Normal range: 135–145 mmol/l
Reasons for increased values: dehydration, hyperaldosteronism, diuretic use, diabetes insipidus
Reasons for decreased values: hyponatremia in cardiac or renal failure, excess water, syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH, severe infections
Potassium (K)
The main intracellular electrolyte. Participates in the regulation of heart rhythm, muscle contractions, and conduction of nerve impulses. Potassium balance is critical for the cardiovascular and neuromuscular systems.
Normal range:3.5–5.1 mmol/l
Reasons for increased values: renal failure, hypoaldosteronism, acidosis, tissue destruction, use of potassium-sparing diuretics
Reasons for decreased values: vomiting, diarrhea, loop diuretics, hyperaldosteronism, potassium deficiency in food
Chloride (Cl)
Chlorine is involved in maintaining water-salt balance, osmotic pressure, and acid-base balance. A decrease or increase in its level often accompanies changes in sodium concentration and disrupts homeostasis.
Normal range: 97–108 mmol/l
Reasons for increased values: dehydration, metabolic acidosis, chronic kidney disease, hyperventilation
Reasons for decreased values: vomiting, diarrhea, metabolic alkalosis, diuretic use, chronic respiratory failure
Calcium, Total (Ca)
Calcium is involved in the formation of bone tissue, transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction and blood clotting. It is contained in the blood in bound and free forms. Deviations in calcium levels affect the functioning of the heart and nervous system.
Normal range: 2.15–2.65 mmol/l
Reasons for increased values: hyperparathyroidism, malignant tumors, excess vitamin D, granulomatous diseases
Reasons for decreased values: vitamin D deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, renal failure, hypoalbuminemia
Total Bilirubin (TBIL)
Bilirubin is formed during the breakdown of hemoglobin and is excreted by the liver. Total bilirubin includes direct and indirect fractions. An increase in the level may indicate a violation of the liver, biliary tract or increased destruction of red blood cells.
Normal range: 3,4–20,5 µmol/l
Reasons for increased values: hepatitis, cirrhosis, Gilbert's syndrome, hemolysis, bile duct obstruction
Reasons for decreased values: rarely of clinical significance, possible with ascorbic acid intake, in patients with hyperlipidemia
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
ALT is an enzyme contained in liver cells. Its increase indicates the destruction of hepatocytes and impaired liver function. It is used as a sensitive marker for hepatitis, toxic lesions and fatty liver infiltration.
Normal values for men:up to 45 U/l
Normal values for women:up to 34 U/l
Reasons for increased values: acute and chronic hepatitis, fatty hepatosis, cirrhosis, taking hepatotoxic drugs
Reasons for decreased values: severe cirrhosis with loss of functional tissue, vitamin B6 deficiency
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
An enzyme involved in amino acid metabolism. It is found in the cells of the liver, heart muscle, skeletal muscles and kidneys. An increase in the blood level is associated with damage to these tissues. In combination with ALT, it allows you to determine the source and extent of cellular damage. It is used in the diagnosis of hepatitis, heart attacks and myopathies.
Normal values for men: up to 40 U/l
Normal values for women: up to 31 U/l
Reasons for increased values:myocardial infarction, hepatitis, cirrhosis, alcoholic liver disease, muscle injuries
Reasons for decreased values: severe liver damage with cell destruction, vitamin B6 deficiency
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
An enzyme that is present in the liver, bile ducts, bones and intestines. It is involved in phosphate metabolism and reflects the condition of bone tissue and bile flow. An increase may indicate both cholestasis and active bone remodeling. It is used in the diagnosis of liver diseases, osteopathies and oncological processes.
Normal values for men: 40–130 U/l
Normal values for women: 35–105 U/l
Reasons for increased values: cholestasis, hepatitis, liver metastases, bone diseases (Paget's disease, osteomalacia), pregnancy
Reasons for decreased values: hypothyroidism, zinc deficiency, anemia, hypophosphatasia (rare)
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)
An enzyme involved in amino acid metabolism and the functioning of the antioxidant system. Accumulates in the cells of the liver, pancreas and bile ducts. Increased levels indicate damage to the hepatobiliary system, especially sensitive to alcohol and drug intake. Used in the early diagnosis of cholestasis and hepatotoxicity.
Normal values for men: 10–71 U/l
Normal values for women: 6–42 U/l
Reasons for increased values: alcoholic liver disease, cholestasis, pancreatitis, liver and pancreatic tumors, anticonvulsant intake
Reasons for decreased values: magnesium deficiency, hypothyroidism, vitamin B6 deficiency
Total Protein (TP)
The sum of all blood plasma proteins, including albumin and globulins. Reflects the general state of metabolism, the synthetic function of the liver and immune activity. Abnormalities may indicate inflammation, protein deficiency or kidney disease.
Normal range: 64–83 g/l
Reasons for increased values: chronic inflammation, infections, myeloma, dehydration
Reasons for decreased values: liver disease, renal protein loss, starvation, malabsorption syndrome, burns
Albumin (ALB)
The main plasma protein, synthesized in the liver. Maintains oncotic pressure and transports hormones, drugs and fatty acids. Is an important marker of nutritional status and liver function.
Normal range: 35–52 g/l
Reasons for increased values: dehydration, anabolic steroid use, excessive protein load
Reasons for decreased values:cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, enteropathy, cancer, chronic inflammation
Ferritin
A protein that stores iron. Its level in the blood reflects the iron reserves in the body. Is the most sensitive marker of iron deficiency, even with normal hemoglobin. An increase may indicate inflammation or iron overload.
Normal values for men: 30–400 ng/ml
Normal values for women: 15–150 ng/ml
Reasons for increased values: acute and chronic inflammation, hemochromatosis, liver disease, oncopathology
Reasons for decreased values: iron deficiency, pregnancy, heavy menstruation, chronic blood loss, malabsorption
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
TSH regulates the thyroid gland and the production of hormones T3 and T4. Its level is used to diagnose hypothyroidism and thyrotoxicosis, as well as to monitor replacement therapy. The slightest deviations may reflect hidden thyroid dysfunction.
Normal range: 0.4–4,0 mIU/l
Reasons for increased values: primary hypothyroidism, autoimmune thyroiditis, pituitary tumors, taking certain medications
Reasons for decreased values: thyrotoxicosis, thyroxine overdose, pituitary disorders, stress
