HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance)
Calculated from fasting glucose and insulin levels, HOMA-IR reflects cellular sensitivity to insulin. Insulin resistance is one of the main drivers of metabolic syndrome, making weight loss difficult and increasing the risk of type 2 diabetes and hormonal disorders. This test helps identify early-stage metabolic disturbances.
Reference range: < 2.5
Elevated levels may indicate:Obesity, sedentary lifestyle, type 2 diabetes, PCOS, stress
Reduced levels may indicate:Hypoglycemia, reduced pancreatic function, insulinoma
Lipid Profile (Total Cholesterol, LDL, HDL, Triglycerides)
Includes total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides. Reflects how the body processes fats and helps assess the risk of atherosclerosis, heart attack, and stroke. Lipid profile abnormalities often accompany insulin resistance and hypothyroidism. Essential for dietary planning and vascular health assessment.
Reference ranges:
Total cholesterol: up to 5.2 mmol/L
LDL: up to 3.0 mmol/L
HDL: ≥ 1.0 mmol/L (men), ≥ 1.2 mmol/L (women)
Triglycerides: up to 2.2 mmol/L (men), up to 1.9 mmol/L (women)
Elevated levels may indicate:Diabetes, hypothyroidism, overeating, genetic lipid disorders
Reduced levels may indicate: Malnutrition, hyperthyroidism, fat deficiency
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
The main regulator of thyroid gland function, controlling metabolic rate, energy levels, thermoregulation, and mood. Even subtle fluctuations can signal hidden thyroid dysfunction, manifesting as reduced activity, swelling, weight changes, and menstrual irregularities.
Reference range: 0.4–4.0 mIU/L
Elevated levels may indicate: Primary hypothyroidism, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, lithium therapy
Reduced levels may indicate: Thyrotoxicosis, excessive thyroxine intake, pituitary disorders
Vitamin D (25-OH D)
Regulates calcium-phosphorus metabolism, supports immune function, and plays a role in hormonal and nervous system health. Deficiency is often linked to chronic fatigue, low mood, obesity, and autoimmune processes. 25(OH)D levels serve as a reliable marker of nutritional and metabolic balance.
Reference range: 30–100 ng/mL
Elevated levels may indicate: Vitamin D toxicity, excessive supplement use, sarcoidosis
Reduced levels may indicate: Lack of sun exposure, obesity, gastrointestinal disorders, chronic inflammation
