The main source of energy for the cells. Its level reflects how the body absorbs carbohydrates and regulates metabolism. Deviations may indicate problems with the pancreas, decreased sensitivity to insulin, or instability of the energy balance.
Normal range: 3.9–5.5 mmol/l (fasting)
Reasons for increased values: prediabetes, diabetes, stress, hormonal disorders
Reasons for decreased values: hypoglycemia, insulinoma, taking hypoglycemic drugs
Shows how much glucose is bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. The indicator reflects the average blood glucose level over the past 2–3 months. Used to assess the stability of carbohydrate metabolism and control diabetes, especially with glucose fluctuations.
Normal range: <5.7%
Reasons for increased values: chronic hyperglycemia, diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance
Reasons for decreased values: anemia, increased hematopoiesis, hypoglycemia
Produced together with insulin and reflects the activity of β-cells of the pancreas. Helps to understand how much of its own insulin the body produces. The analysis is important in assessing insulin resistance and differentiating types of diabetes.
Normal range: 0.9–7.1 ng/ml
Reasons for increased values: insulin resistance, tumors, hyperinsulinism
Reasons for decreased values: type 1 diabetes mellitus, β-cell depletion
A hormone that regulates blood glucose levels. Responsible for transporting sugar into cells and storing energy. Changes in insulin levels may be associated with metabolic disorders, obesity, or impaired glucose tolerance.
Normal range: 2.6–24.9 µIU/ml
Reasons for increased values: metabolic syndrome, obesity, insulinoma
Reasons for decreased values: type 1 diabetes mellitus, β-cell depletion
A hormone of adipose tissue that regulates appetite, satiety, and energy expenditure. Decreased sensitivity to leptin is associated with obesity and metabolic disorders. The test is used to assess fat metabolism and hormonal control of appetite.
Normal range:
Women: 4.1–25.0 ng/ml
Men: 0.5–9.0 ng/ml
Reasons for increased values: obesity, leptin resistance, insulin resistance
Reasons for decreased values: adipose tissue deficiency, anorexia, depletion
Reflects glucose levels over the past 2–3 weeks by binding to blood proteins. Used for unstable sugar or when the HbA1c test is not informative enough. Helps to quickly assess the effectiveness of therapy for carbohydrate metabolism disorders.
Normal range: 205–285 µmol/l
Reasons for increased values:hyperglycemia, poorly controlled diabetes
Reasons for decreased values: hypoglycemia, hypoproteinemia, nephrotic syndrome



