An intracellular enzyme that reflects the condition of the liver. Its levels increase when hepatocytes are damaged, and it plays a role in amino acid metabolism. It is used for the early diagnosis of hepatitis, fatty liver disease, and toxic liver damage. It is important for monitoring treatment, especially when taking hepatotoxic medications.
Normal range for men: up to 45 U/L
Normal range for women: up to 34 U/L
Causes of elevated levels: viral hepatitis, steatosis, alcoholism, statin use, fatty liver disease
Causes of decreased levels: vitamin B6 deficiency, cirrhosis, severe liver damage
Allows assessment of the hematopoietic system, the presence of inflammation, anemia, and immune responses. Includes the following parameters:
Hemoglobin (Hb)
Red blood cells (RBC)
Hematocrit (HCT)
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
Red cell distribution width (RDW)
White blood cells (WBC)
Neutrophils (absolute and %)
Lymphocytes (absolute and %)
Monocytes (absolute and %)
Eosinophils (absolute and %)
Basophils (absolute and %)
Band neutrophils (%)
Segmented neutrophils (%)
Platelets (PLT)
Mean platelet volume (MPV)
Platelet distribution width (PDW)
Plateletcrit (PCT)
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Color index
Used in cases of weakness, dizziness, fatigue, frequent infections, and menstrual cycle irregularities.
Causes of elevated levels: inflammation, infection, stress, dehydration
Causes of decreased levels: anemia, immunodeficiency, iron and B vitamin deficiencies
Shows the blood glucose level at a specific point in time, regardless of food intake. Helps identify disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, type 2 diabetes, stress responses, and hormonal changes. Considered when assessing low energy, sugar cravings, mood swings, and weight changes.
Normal range: 3.9–7.8 mmol/L
Causes of elevated levels: diabetes mellitus, stress, impaired glucose tolerance
Causes of decreased levels: hypoglycemia, insulinoma, prolonged fasting, intense physical activity
Regulates thyroid function and the levels of T3 and T4 hormones, which control the body's basic metabolic processes. Influences thermoregulation, energy levels, psycho-emotional state, menstrual cycle, fertility, and body weight. Abnormal TSH levels may be an early sign of subclinical hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, even when T3 and T4 levels are normal, and require further evaluation.
Normal range: 0.4–4.0 mIU/L
Causes of elevated levels: primary hypothyroidism, autoimmune thyroiditis, pituitary tumors
Causes of decreased levels: thyrotoxicosis, thyroxine overdose, pituitary insufficiency
HDL removes excess cholesterol from blood vessels and tissues, reducing the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications. High HDL levels are a marker of healthy fat metabolism. This test is important for assessing the lipid profile and predicting the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), especially in patients who are overweight or lead a sedentary lifestyle.
Normal range for men: ≥ 1.0 mmol/L
Normal range for women: ≥ 1.2 mmol/L
Causes of elevated levels: high physical activity, estrogen use, healthy diet
Causes of decreased levels: smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, insulin resistance
Total protein reflects the combined concentration of all proteins in blood plasma, including albumin and globulins. These proteins perform numerous functions: maintaining oncotic pressure, transporting nutrients, hormones, and medications, regulating blood clotting, and supporting immune responses. Total protein levels help assess protein metabolism, liver function, kidney function, and immune system status, as well as identify hidden inflammatory processes or signs of protein deficiency.
Normal range: 64–83 g/L
Causes of elevated levels: chronic inflammation, dehydration, monoclonal gammopathy
Causes of decreased levels: cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, protein deprivation, chronic infections
LDL transports cholesterol to tissues, where it is used to build cell membranes and synthesize hormones. However, when LDL levels are excessive, cholesterol begins to accumulate in the arterial walls, forming atherosclerotic plaques. This leads to narrowing of the blood vessels and increases the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other cardiovascular complications. LDL is a key marker of lipid metabolism disorders.
Normal range: up to 3.0 mmol/L
Causes of elevated levels: metabolic syndrome, hypothyroidism, unhealthy diet
Causes of decreased levels: hyperthyroidism, malabsorption, chronic inflammation
An important component of cell membranes and a precursor to steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D. It participates in the synthesis of adrenal and sex hormones and helps maintain cell stability. Elevated total cholesterol may indicate disorders of lipid metabolism and diseases of the liver or thyroid gland, as well as increase the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
Normal range: up to 5.2 mmol/L
Causes of elevated levels: overeating, hypothyroidism, genetic hyperlipidemia
Causes of decreased levels: hyperthyroidism, wasting, chronic infections
Shows the average blood glucose level over the past 2–3 months. Glucose binds irreversibly to hemoglobin in red blood cells, and the higher the glucose level, the higher the percentage of HbA1c. It is used to diagnose prediabetes and diabetes mellitus and to monitor treatment effectiveness. It is not affected by daily fluctuations in blood glucose and reflects the body's long-term glycemic burden.
Normal range: < 5.7%
Causes of elevated levels: type 2 diabetes, impaired carbohydrate metabolism, insulin resistance
Causes of decreased levels: hypoglycemia, anemia, blood loss
An enzyme found in the cells of the liver, heart, skeletal muscles, and other tissues. When these cells are damaged, the enzyme enters the bloodstream. AST levels are used to detect inflammatory and necrotic processes, particularly in hepatitis, myocardial infarction, and myopathies. Assessing the AST/ALT ratio helps clarify the origin of the damage and the stage of liver fibrosis.
Normal range for men: up to 40 U/L
Normal range for women: up to 32 U/L
Causes of elevated levels: viral hepatitis, myocardial infarction, alcohol-related liver damage
Causes of decreased levels: severe liver damage, vitamin B6 deficiency
A key hormone that regulates the uptake of glucose by cells. It affects carbohydrate and fat metabolism, energy storage, and the maintenance of stable blood glucose levels. Abnormal insulin levels may indicate a risk of diabetes, insulin resistance, and disorders of carbohydrate metabolism.
Normal range: 2.7–10.4 µIU/mL
Causes of elevated levels: insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, obesity, pancreatic tumors (insulinoma)
Causes of decreased levels: type 1 diabetes mellitus, β-cell deficiency, pancreatitis, physical wasting
Bilirubin is produced during the breakdown of hemoglobin and must be efficiently eliminated by the liver. It is an important marker of liver function, the condition of the bile ducts, and the state of the hematopoietic system. Elevated levels may be associated with both liver disease and increased red blood cell breakdown.
Normal range: 5–21 µmol/L
Causes of elevated levels: hepatitis, hemolysis, Gilbert's syndrome, bile duct obstruction
Causes of decreased levels: rarely observed; may occur with ascorbic acid supplementation or overhydration
The main type of fat circulating in the blood and stored in adipose tissue. They serve as an important source of energy during fasting and physical activity. Their levels reflect dietary habits and lipid metabolism. Elevated levels are often associated with insulin resistance, obesity, and metabolic syndrome, and increase the risk of atherosclerosis, pancreatitis, and cardiovascular disease.
Normal range for men: up to 2.2 mmol/L
Normal range for women: up to 1.9 mmol/L
Causes of elevated levels: obesity, diabetes mellitus, alcohol abuse, hypothyroidism
Causes of decreased levels: thyrotoxicosis, protein-energy malnutrition, malabsorption disorders, chronic infections
The biologically active form of thyroxine, the main thyroid hormone that circulates in the blood in an unbound state. It regulates metabolism, thermoregulation, energy balance, heart function, the nervous system, and reproductive function. Measuring free T4 helps identify thyroid dysfunction, even when TSH levels are normal, and is important for monitoring hormone replacement therapy.
Normal range: 9–22 pmol/L
Causes of elevated levels: thyrotoxicosis, thyroxine use, toxic adenoma, thyroiditis
Causes of decreased levels: hypothyroidism, iodine deficiency, postoperative conditions, impaired hormone synthesis
A marker of autoimmune inflammation of the thyroid gland. These antibodies are produced by the immune system against an enzyme involved in thyroid hormone synthesis. Their presence indicates damage to thyroid cells and impaired thyroid function. They are used to diagnose Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, and to assess the risk of thyroid disorders in pregnant women.
Normal range for men: up to 35 IU/mL
Normal range for women: up to 35 IU/mL
Causes of elevated levels: autoimmune thyroiditis, Graves' disease, thyroid disorders, postpartum thyroiditis
Causes of decreased levels: normal
A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that regulates reproductive function, lactation, and behavioral responses to stress. It affects the menstrual cycle, ovulation, sexual desire, and immune activity. Elevated levels may lead to anovulation, infertility, galactorrhea, decreased libido, and emotional instability. Prolactin assessment is important in cases of hormonal imbalances and fertility disorders.
Normal range for men: 73–407 mIU/L
Normal range for women: 109–557 mIU/L
Causes of elevated levels: prolactinoma, stress, hypothyroidism, use of psychotropic medications
Causes of decreased levels: pituitary insufficiency, use of dopamine agonists
The primary stress hormone, synthesized in the adrenal cortex in response to activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. It regulates carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism, blood glucose levels, blood pressure, and fluid and electrolyte balance. It participates in anti-inflammatory responses and adaptation to physical and psychological stress. Chronic abnormalities in cortisol levels may indicate stress, adrenal insufficiency, or Cushing's syndrome.
Normal range: morning: 138–635 nmol/L
Causes of elevated levels: chronic stress, Cushing's disease, obesity
Causes of decreased levels: adrenal insufficiency, Addison's disease, pituitary disorders
An essential trace element involved in the synthesis of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and enzymes responsible for cellular respiration. It is necessary for oxygen transport, energy metabolism, and normal nervous system function. Iron deficiency can lead to anemia, fatigue, reduced immunity, and impaired cognitive performance. Assessing iron levels is a key step in diagnosing deficiency states and chronic diseases.
Normal range for men: 11.6–31.3 µmol/L
Normal range for women: 9.0–30.4 µmol/L
Causes of elevated levels: hemochromatosis, iron supplementation, red blood cell destruction
Causes of decreased levels: iron-deficiency anemia, blood loss, pregnancy, impaired absorption



